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1.
Journal of Central South University(Medical Sciences) ; (12): 265-270, 2022.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-929031

ABSTRACT

More than 100 genes located on the X chromosome have been found to be associated with X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) to date, and NEXMIF is a pathogenic gene for XLID. In addition to intellectual disability, patients with NEXMIF gene mutation can also have other neurological symptoms, such as epilepsy, abnormal behavior, and hypotonia, as well as abnormalities of other systems. Two children with intellectual disability and epilepsy caused by NEXMIF gene mutation were treated in the Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from March 8, 2017 to June 20, 2020. Patient 1, a 7 years and 8 months old girl, visited our department because of the delayed psychomotor development. Physical examination revealed strabismus (right eye), hyperactivity, and loss of concentration. Intelligence test showed a developmental quotient of 43.6. Electroencephalogram showed abnormal discharge, and cranial imaging appeared normal. Whole exome sequencing revealed a de novo heterozygous mutation, c.2189delC (p.S730Lfs*17) in the NEXMIF gene (NM_001008537). During the follow-up period, the patient developed epileptic seizures, mainly manifested as generalized and absent seizures. She took the medicine of levetiracetam and lamotrigine, and the seizures were under control. Patient 2, a 6-months old boy, visited our department due to developmental regression and seizures. He showed poor reactions to light and sound, and was not able to raise head without aid. Hypotonia was also noticed. The electroencephalogram showed intermittent hyperarrhythmia, and spasms were monitored. He was given topiramate and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Whole exome sequencing detected a de novo c.592C>T (Q198X) mutation in NEXMIF gene. During the follow-up period, the seizures were reduced with vigabatrin. He had no obvious progress in the psychomotor development, and presented strabismus. There were 91 cases reported abroad, 1 case reported in China, and 2 patients were included in this study. A total of 85 variants in NEXMIF gene were found, involving 83 variants reported in PubMed and HGMD, and the 2 new variants presented in our patients. The patients with variants in NEXMIF gene all had mild to severe intellectual disability. Behavioral abnormalities, epilepsy, hypotonia, and other neurological symptoms are frequently presented. The phenotype of male partially overlaps with that of female. Male patients often have more severe intellectual disability, impaired language, and autistic features, while female patients often have refractory epilepsy. Most of the variants reported so far were loss-of-function resulted in the reduced protein expression of NEXMIF. The degree of NEXMIF loss appears to correlate with the severity of the phenotype.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Epilepsy/genetics , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Muscle Hypotonia/complications , Mutation , Phenotype , Seizures/genetics , Strabismus/complications
2.
Rev. paul. pediatr ; 27(2): 220-224, jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-518197

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO:Descrever o caso clínico de paciente com Síndrome de Joubert associada a alterações renais. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Paciente de dois meses de idade admitida com quadro hipotonia e hiperpneia. Ao exame físico, observaram-se, além da respiração irregular, movimentos oculares anormais e hipertensão arterial; não se evidenciaram alterações na ausculta cardíaca e pulmonar. Durante investigação clínico-laboratorial inicial, as causas cardíacas e pulmonares foram descartadas. Aventaram-se hipóteses diagnósticas de patologias neurológicas com doença renal. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram presença de alcalose respiratória, acidose metabólica e hipercalemia, com função renal normal. A ressonância magnética evidenciou alterações neurológicas compatíveis com "sinal do dente molar", quadro frequentemente associada à Sindrome de Joubert. Levando-se em consideração a associação dessa síndrome com alterações renais, a investigação nefrológica demonstrou imagens císticas em parênquima renal. COMENTÁRIOS: Patologias cardíacas e pulmonares estão frequentemente associadas a manifestações clínicas como taquipneia e distúrbios metabólicos. Entretanto, pode ser necessária uma investigação neurológica porque diversas doenças que acometem o sistema nervoso central apresentam tais alterações. A associação entre alterações renais e malformações de sistema nervoso central é frequente em diversos processos sindrômicos, justificando-se a sua investigação. A Síndrome de Joubert e as desordens a ela relacionadas caracterizam-se por aplasia do vermix cerebelar, ataxia, movimentos oculares anormais, respiração irregular e retardo do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. As alterações renais mais comuns são os cistos renais e a nefronoftise, que pode progredir para doença renal terminal.


OBJECTIVE:To describe the case of a patient with Joubert syndrome associated with renal impairments. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2 month-old patient was admitted with hypotonia and hyperpneia. At the physical exam, besides irregular breathing pattern, abnormal eye movements and arterial hypertension without abnormalities in cardiac or pulmonary sounds were observed. At the initial clinical and laboratorial investigations, cardiac and pulmonary causes were excluded. The diagnostic hypothesis was: neurological illness associated with renal disease. Laboratorial analysis showed respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia, with normal renal function. In the magnetic resonance, images of neurological alterations were compatible with the "molar tooth sign", frequently associated with Joubert syndrome. Renal investigation was performed and cystic images in renal parenchyma were found. COMMENTS: Cardiac and pulmonary illness are frequently associated with clinical manifestations such as tachypnea and metabolic alterations. Nevertheless, neurological investigation may be necessary, since some diseases that affect the central nervous system may manifest these signs and symptoms. Association between renal alterations and central nervous system malformations are frequent in several diseases and should be investigated. Joubert syndrome and its associated disorders are characterized by aplasia of the cerebellar vermis, ataxia, abnormal eye movements and irregular breathing pattern with psychomotor and mental delay. The most frequent renal problems associated with the disease are renal cysts and nephronophtisis that can progress to end-stage renal failure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Chromosome Aberrations , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/complications , Renal Insufficiency/complications , Muscle Hypotonia/complications , Eye Diseases/complications
4.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(5): 833-838, jul. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491850

ABSTRACT

A síndrome de Prader-Willi (PWS), com prevalência de 60:1.000.000, é o resultado da perda de parte do cromossomo 15 paterno, em razão da deleção em 56 por cento dos casos, dissomia uniparental materna em 24 por cento dos casos, ou por causa da metilação, fenômeno epigenético, em 18 por cento dos casos. O quadro clínico inicia-se com profunda hipotonia que, especialmente no primeiro ano de vida, torna difícil a alimentação da criança. Conforme melhora a hipotonia, nos primeiros dois anos, por volta do quarto ano de vida, um apetite insaciável advém, o que leva tais crianças à obesidade extrema, com hipoventilação alveolar que põe em risco sua sobrevivência. Dessa forma, paradoxalmente, a PWS ameaça a vida dos pacientes, em um primeiro momento, por inanição e, em uma fase posterior, pelo excesso de peso. O uso de hormônio de crescimento (hrGH) nessas crianças tem por objetivo primário a mudança da composição corpórea e a melhora da atividade física e da qualidade de vida. Por outro lado, muitos pacientes com PWS são, de fato, deficientes em GH, ocorrendo melhora no padrão de crescimento com o tratamento. Tem-se de ser cuidadoso, no entanto, ao iniciar o tratamento com hrGH, com zelosa avaliação da apnéia do sono (polissonografia) e da permeabilidade das vias aéreas, tendo em vista que o tratamento com hrGH pode piorar o padrão respiratório em alguns pacientes.


Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), with a prevalence of 60:1.000.000, results from the loss of paternal chromosome 15, being 56 percent due to deletion, 24 percent due to uniparental maternal disomy, and 18 percent from methylation, an epigenetic phenomenon. The clinical picture begins with extreme muscular hypotonia, which makes it difficult to feed the child in the first year. As the hypotonia improves, usually in the first two years, around the 4th year of life, an insatiable appetite leads these children to an extreme obesity, with alveolar hypoventilation which endangers their lives. So, paradoxically, PWS threatens the lives of the patients, through inanition in a first phase and, afterwards, through excessive weight gain. The use of growth hormone (hrGH) in these children has a primary goal to change the body composition and improve the physical activity and the quality of life. On the other hand, many PWS patients are indeed GH deficient, and an improvement in the height SDS occurs with treatment. We have to be careful, however. When starting a PWS treatment with a patient on hrGH, a careful evaluation of sleep apnoea (polysomnography) as well as a careful examination of the airways is extremely mandatory, since the treatment may compromise the respiratory pattern of some patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Prader-Willi Syndrome/drug therapy , Growth/drug effects , Human Growth Hormone/adverse effects , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Hypogonadism/complications , Muscle Hypotonia/complications , Prader-Willi Syndrome/metabolism , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/complications
5.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 62(5): 638-42, out. 1999. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-280072

ABSTRACT

O caso descrito apresentava uma hipotropia pouco severa com acuidade visual normal e binocularidade em infra-versäo; além de uma hipotonia muscular generalizada, ao contrário da severa hipotropia e ambliopia encontrada nessa afecçäo. O procedimento cirúrgico levou estes fatos em consideraçäo, tendo-se optado por um retrocesso pequeno do reto inferior para que se corrigisse o torcicolo sem interferir na posiçäo de leitura. Os resultados pós-operatórios foram satisfatórios.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Blepharoptosis/complications , Fibrosis/complications , Fibrosis/congenital , Fibrosis/diagnosis , Fibrosis/surgery , Muscle Hypotonia/complications
7.
Rev. Hosp. Matern. Infant. Ramon Sarda ; 16(1): 34-40, 1997. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-264677

ABSTRACT

La distrofia miotónica es una patología que afecta tanto al músculo como a otros tejidos y órganos. Su etiología es genética, con una forma de herencia autosómica dominante y se caracteriza por presentar dos formas clínicas bien diferenciadas: la clásica del adulto y la congénita. Esta última, de pronóstico severo, ocurre únicamente en hijos de mujeres afectadas y sería una de las causas más frecuentes de hipotonía neonatal. Se presentan siete pacientes recién nacidos con distrofia miotónica congénita, se mencionan los mecanismos genéticos moleculares involucrados y se enfatiza la importancia del diagnóstico clínico de esta patología, a descartar en todo recién nacido hipotónico, sobre todo en casos de madres con escasa sintomatología.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Anticipation, Genetic , Diagnosis, Differential , Myotonic Dystrophy/complications , Myotonic Dystrophy/congenital , Myotonic Dystrophy/diagnosis , Myotonic Dystrophy/epidemiology , Myotonic Dystrophy/etiology , Myotonic Dystrophy/physiopathology , Myotonic Dystrophy/genetics , Myotonic Dystrophy/mortality , Muscle Hypotonia/complications , Cerebrum/pathology , Prenatal Diagnosis , Risk Factors , Survivors
8.
Rev. bras. ortop ; 29(6): 421-5, jun. 1994. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-199719

ABSTRACT

O autor descreve cinco pacientes com síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos associada com hipotonia e contraturas desde o nascimento. Artrogripose multiplex congênita, síndrome de Larsen, síndrome de Marfan e amiotonia congênita de Oppenheim foram os diagnósticos diferenciais considerados na primeira infância. A tríade clínica característica da doença de Ehlers-Danlos surgiu, insidiosamente, a paartir dos quatro anos, possibilitando a correçäo diagnóstica. O diagnóstico diferencial desses distúrbios do tecido conjuntivo e os problemas do tratamento ortopédico das deformidades articulares säo abordados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Contracture/complications , Muscle Hypotonia/complications , Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/complications , Follow-Up Studies
9.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 51(3): 341-5, set.-nov. 1993. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-127731

ABSTRACT

Foi constituída uma amostra aleatória de 42 crianças deficientes auditivas neurossensoriais congênitas, profundas e bilaterais, com idade cronológica variando entre 4 e 7 anos, que frequentavam classes de habilitaçäo da cidade de Campinas. As criançs propostas foram comparadas com dois grupos controles de 42 crianças, da mesma faixa etária, de classe comum. Todas foram submetidas ao exame neurológico tradicional. Verificou-se que os aspectos que demonstraram diferenças foram o perímetro craniano e o tono muscular. Nos demais itens avaliados, mostrou-se hiperatividade motora, síndrome cerebelar e síndrome ocular, porém näo houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis , Age Factors , Cephalometry , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/congenital , Muscle Hypotonia/complications , Neurologic Examination , Random Allocation , Sampling Studies
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